A 1 × 2 cm localization tag with a 2.92 GHz transmitter chipset for LEO satellite localization using hardware and algorithm co-design

This paper presents a smallest localization tag for LEO satellite localization using algorithm–hardware co-design. On the algorithm side, we chieve a comparable measured localization accuracy with a 10 dB reduction in EIRP relative to state-of-the-art. On the hardware side, we demonstrate the smallest form factor and a complete integrated Tx system including a 1 × 1 cm antenna and a 0.95 cm–diameter battery.